BSO da Rep\u00fablica de Homes Libres en Spotify<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\u00bfComo foron os ataques vikingos a Galicia? Sabemos bastante da t\u00e1ctica dos guerreiros normandos. Viaxaban en barcos lixeiros, facendo navegaci\u00f3n de cabotaxe. Coloc\u00e1banse nos cabos, nos estremos e nas illas e a partir de a\u00ed segu\u00edan cara o interior, penetrando na terra. Temos certa evidencia que aproveitaban, como era l\u00f3xico, as antigas v\u00edas romanas, a\u00ednda existentes, que part\u00edan dos portos da costa galega. O mosteiro de Santa Olalla de Curtis arras\u00e1rono nunha destas, seguindo a v\u00eda que levaba do Farum Brigantium -a antiga A Coru\u00f1a- ata Lugo, pero non foi o \u00fanico: en xeral, durante douscentos anos, todos os establecementos eclesi\u00e1sticos do pa\u00eds viv\u00edan baixo a ameaza constante e a certeza de que eran os lugares m\u00e1is rendibles para un saqueador vikingo con menos tempo. Xa entrando neste milenio, no 1015, o rei Olaf -que despois ser\u00eda santo- arrasa Tui pedra sobre pedra, obrigando a constru\u00edr de novo a cidade ao redor do outeiro onde hoxe se atopa. Quen sabe se o perfil fortificado da s\u00faa catedral non ten que ver co p\u00e1nico herdado: o rei dubidou en volver instaurar un bispado en Tui despois de aquelo. <\/p>\n
Os documentos, as cr\u00f3nicas, son tremendas. Falan dun pa\u00eds arrasado, e de forzas que s\u00f3 se conseguen rearmar ao cabo de meses e anos para repeler ao inimigo normando: f\u00e1lase dos viquingos coma un cancro d\u00edficil de extirpar, pero no reconto de baixas hai algo sospeitoso. As cr\u00f3nicas reais e eclesi\u00e1sticas, como a Historia Compostellana<\/em>, dan conta sobre todo dos ataques a centros eclesi\u00e1sticos, pero non nos informan de que aconteceu coas familias nobles, por exemplo, nin cos labregos ou pescadores. As cr\u00f3nicas dos reis de Galicia e Asturias tam\u00e9n son parcas. Indican os anos dos ataques e \u00e1s veces, o nome ou nomes dos arist\u00f3cratas que foron capaces de conter os ataques. E aqu\u00ed v\u00e9n o importante: todas son fontes parciais. Son fontes que narran o que lles interesa, que \u00e9 a agresi\u00f3n directa \u00e1s propiedades e bens dos colectivos para os que escriben: mosteiros, catedrais, burgos eclesi\u00e1sticos, fortalezas…. <\/p>\n\u00bfQue ocorre cando examinamos outras fontes m\u00e1is indirectas? Que de s\u00fapeto se nos revelan outras perspectivas sobre o ataque, e nos dan alg\u00fans datos que nos permiten comprender mellor o dif\u00edcil contexto do momento. Como acontec\u00eda cos secuestros. Eran unha pr\u00e1ctica habitual dos normandos. Nos documentos de dereito privado, a\u00ednda moi pouco baleirados desde esta \u00f3ptica, amosan detalles dunha viveza impresionante, con nomes e episodios, sobre estes episodios b\u00e9licos dos viquingos. Como a historia de Octicio, que negociou cos viquingos para liberar a unha nai e unha filla: Meitilli e Gocina. Este documento \u00e9 de 1026, e fala del Vicente Almaz\u00e1n en Gallaecia Scandinavica<\/em>:<\/p>\n…et sakastes nobis de barcas de Laudomanes, et dedistis pro nobis uno manto lobeno, et una spada, et uno kemiso, et tres lenzos, et una vaka, et tres modios de sal finto.
\nE nos sacaches das barcas dos vikingos, e deches por n\u00f3s unha capa, e unha espada, e unha camisa, e tres lenzos, e unha vaca, e tres modios de sal.
\n<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\nGrazas a este documento sabemos o que val\u00edan a vida de d\u00faas mulleres nesta \u00e9poca. Hai que imaxinalas, a Meitilli e Gocina, maniatadas e coa boca tapada, dentro dun drakkar fondeado no esteiro dun r\u00edo, e a Octicio indo negociar cos normandos. Por certo que estas relaci\u00f3ns de negociaci\u00f3n para os secuestros sempre se realizaban con autoridades eclesi\u00e1sticas ao car\u00f3n. \u00bfPor que?<\/p>\n
\u00bfPodemos saber m\u00e1is cousas sobre os ataques vikingos f\u00f3ra das fontes eclesi\u00e1sticas?\u00bfMesmo f\u00f3ra das fontes galegas? <\/p>\n
Podemos. Nas parcas pero intensas sagas nas que se louvaba o valor dos comandantes n\u00f3rdicos. E nos revelan datos que as fontes eclesi\u00e1sticas galegas ser\u00eda moi dif\u00edcil que nos revelaran. Observamos a Galicia da \u00e9poca desde a ollada dos capit\u00e1ns normandos. <\/p>\n
Por exemplo, a historia, con certos toques hom\u00e9ricos, que se cont\u00e9n na saga das Illas \u00d3rcadas, Ornkeyinga Saga<\/em>, as illas ao norte de Escocia onde florec\u00eda un reino vikingo. Co\u00f1ecina a trav\u00e9s do libri\u00f1o Os viquingos en Galicia <\/em>de Jorge Sim\u00f3n Izquierdo. Rangvald, o nobre que lideraba a expedici\u00f3n, organizou un ex\u00e9rcito de 2000 homes en 15 barcos, e partiron en direcci\u00f3n Xerusal\u00e9n en 1153. Tras escalas en Escocia, en Inglaterra e en Narbona (?), os normandos chegaron a Galicia dispostos a parar no inverno ac\u00f3. Pero at\u00f3panse que a terra \u00e9 pobre. Os labregos -non sabemos de que zona de Galicia- ofr\u00e9cenlles aos viquingos un pacto. <\/p>\nNon se andaban con voltas. Os labregos montar\u00edan un mercado de alimentos se os normandos asasinan ao seu se\u00f1or antes. Non sabemos quen era ese se\u00f1or, pero sabemos que era “un estra\u00f1o \u00e1 terra”, que se chamaba Godofredo, e exerc\u00eda o seu poder tir\u00e1nico contra os labregos desde un poderoso castelo. O earl<\/em> viquingo Rangvald tentou que os labregos lle ofreceran v\u00edveres para manter o ex\u00e9rcito, pero eles contest\u00e1ronlles:<\/p>\n-Montaremos un mercado ata Semana Santa se nos librades dos homes do castelo. Podedes ficar con todo o bot\u00edn da fortaleza cando a conquistedes. Godofredo \u00e9 un home rico. <\/p>\n
A fame e a perspectiva do bot\u00edn entusiasmaron aos n\u00f3rdicos. Debateron entre eles e acordaron queimar as murallas: para facelo, cumpr\u00eda ir ao bosque e cargaren cada guerreiro con tres fatos de madeira. Pero Godofredo, o se\u00f1or do castelo, era un home sabio e viaxado, con don de linguas. Pola noite, baixou do castelo camuflado como moinante e introduciuse no campamento viquingo. Al\u00ed enterouse das disensi\u00f3ns no interior do campamento, especialmente os dous bandos: o de Eindrid, un antigo cruzado, e o do propio earl Rangvald. Tentou enfrontalos entre eles, pero non o deu conseguido. <\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/bayeux_ataque.jpg\")
\nAtaque a un castelo no tapiz de Bayeux<\/em><\/p>\nO que segue na Orkneyinga Saga \u00e9, se cadra, un dos relatos m\u00e1is detallados e v\u00edvidos da toma por asedio dun castelo galego. Os normandos puxeron madeira ao p\u00e9 da muralla e atacaron o castelo polos catro puntos cardinais. Dunha banda o earl Rangvald, polo Sur, cos seus Ornkeyingers<\/em>, os guerreiros das \u00d3rcadas, Eindrid e Aslak polo Oeste, John e Gudorm polo Este e Eindrid o novo polo Norte. A muralla rematou por ceder por varios puntos e o gardaespaldas de Rangvald, Sigmund angle, destacou sobre todos. Cando os viquingos conseguiron entrar no interior, Godofredo e as s\u00faas riquezas desapareceran. Os viquingos creron que o tir\u00e1nico se\u00f1or do castelo fuxiu no fragor e na confusi\u00f3n do asalto. <\/p>\nO relato, excepcional, am\u00f3sanos que acontece cos ataques viquingos cando as fontes hist\u00f3ricas ve\u00f1en do outro lado, non do que habitualmente empregamos para saber sobre esta \u00e9poca, que son os curas compostel\u00e1ns. A historia das invasi\u00f3ns viquingas v\u00e9molas, en Galicia, da man dos se\u00f1ores e dos poderosos do momento e polo tanto, aparece co seu enfoque. Pero revisando os antigos foros e documentos privados, e botando man tam\u00e9n da literatura dos atacantes, descubrimos outra Historia: ser\u00e1 parcial, como a outra, pero nos d\u00e1 unha visi\u00f3n completamente distinta deses convulsos tempos e fai m\u00e1is rico o escenario. Labregos e viquingos pareceron crear unha alianza de circunstancias fronte a un inimigo com\u00fan. Durante os ataques normandos, nalg\u00fan momento, os labregos galegos puideron aliarse cos Homes do Norte para librarse da tiran\u00eda: no escenario dun novo e poderoso ex\u00e9rcito chegado dos mares tampouco soa tan estra\u00f1o que quixeran botar man del para mellorar un pouco a vida. Unha m\u00e1goa \u00e9 que non hai un s\u00f3 dato que nos permita ubicar en que sitio de Galicia ocorreron estes acontecementos. A cr\u00f3nica fala de Galicialand<\/em>. Pero a alianza entre locais e normandos \u00e9 tremendamente suxestiva. <\/p>\nA sorpresa \u00e9 que, nas numerosas ocasi\u00f3ns que os viquingos atacaron o Reino de Galicia, ter\u00edan oportunidade de participar en m\u00e1is aventuras en colaboraci\u00f3n cos galegos. Pero iso ser\u00e1 na vindeira entrega.<\/p>\n
Para que vexades que non me tiro da moto, aqu\u00ed vai o documento orixinal (traducido ao ingl\u00e9s : <\/p>\n
Documento. Traduci\u00f3n da Orkneyinga Saga ao ingl\u00e9s por George W. Dasent en 1894:<\/h3>\n\n92. They fared till they came west to Galicialand in the winter before Yule, and meant to sit there Yule over. They dealt with the landsmen and begged them to set them a market to buy food; for the land was barren and bad for food; for the land was barren and bad for food, and the landsmen thought it hard to feed that host of men. Now these tidings had happened there, that in that land sat a chief, who was a stranger, in a castle, and he had laid on the landsmen very heavy burdens. He harried them on the spot if they did not agree at once to all that he asked, and he offered them the greatest tyranny and oppression. And when the earl spoke to the landsmen about bringing him food to buy, they made him that offer, that they would set them up a market thenceforth on till Lent, but they must rid them in some way or other of the men in the castle; but earl Rognvald was to bear the brunt in return for the right of having all the goods that were gotten from them. The earl laid this bare before his men, and sought counsel from them as to which choice he should take, but most of them were eager to fall on the castlemen, and thought it bid fair for spoil. And so earl Rognvald and his host went into that agreement with the landsmen. But when it drew near to Yule, earl Rognvald called his men to a talk and said: \u201cNow have we sat here awhile, and yet we have had nothing to do with the castlemen, but the landsmen are getting rather slack in their dealings with us; methinks they think that what we promised them will have no fulfilment; but still that is not manly not to turn our hands to what we have promised. Now, kinsman Erling will I take counsel from you in what way we shall win the castle, for I know that ye are here some of you the greatest men for good counsel; but still I will beg all those men who are here that each will throw in what [he thinks] is likeliest to be worth trying.\u201d Erling answered the earl\u2019s speech: \u201cI will not be silent at your bidding, but I am not a man for counsel; and it would be better rather to call on those men for that who have seen more, and are more wont to such exploits, as is Eindrid the young. But here it will be as the saying goes, \u2018You must shoot at a bird before you get him.\u2019 And so we will try to give some counsel whatever comes of it. We shall today, if it seems to you not bad counsel or to the other shipmasters, go all of us to the wood, and bear each of us three shoulder-bundles of faggots on our backs under the castle; for it seems to me as though the lime will not be trusty if a great fire is brought to it. We shall let this go on for the three next days and see what turn things take.\u201d They did as Erling bade. And when that toil was over, it was come right on to Yule. The bishop would not let them make their onslaught while the Yule high feast stood over them.<\/p>\n
That chief\u2019s name was Godfrey who dwelt in the castle; he was a wise man and somewhat stricken in years. He was a good clerk, and had fared far and wide, and knew many tongues. He was a grasping man and a very unfair man. He calls together his men when he saw their [Rognvald\u2019s] undertakings, and said to them: \u201cThis scheme seems to me clever and harmful to us which the Northmen have taken in hand; it will befall us thus if fire is borne against us, that the stone wall round the castle will be untrusty, but the Northmen are strong and brave; we shall have to look for a sharp fight from them if they get a chance. I will now take counsel with you what shall be done in this strait which has befallen us.\u201d But his men all bade him see to that for them. Then he began to speak, and said: \u201cMy first counsel is that ye shall bind a cord round me and let me slide down the castle wall tonight. I shall have on bad clothes and fare into the camp of the Northmen, and know what I can find out.\u201d This counsel was taken as he had laid it down. And when Godfrey came to earl Rognvald, and said he was an old beggar carle, and spoke in Spanish; they understood that tongue best. He fared about among all the booths and begged for food. He found out that there was great envy and splitting into parties amongst the Northmen. Eindrid was the head of one side, but the earl of the other. Godfrey came to Eindrid and got to talk with him, and brought that before him that the chief who held the castle had sent him thither. \u201cHe will have fellowship with thee, and he hopes that thou wilt give him peace if the caste be won; he would rather that thou shouldst have his treasures, if thou wilt do so much in return for them, than those who would rather see him a dead man.\u201d Of such things they talked and much besides. But the earl was kept in the dark; all this went on by stealth at first. And when Godfrey had stayed a while with the earl\u2019s men, then he turned back to his men. But this was why they did not flit what they owned out of the castle, because they did not know whether the storm would take place at all; besides they could not trust the landfolk.<\/p>\n
93. It was the tenth day of Yule that earl Rognvald rose up. The weather was good. Then he bade his men put on their arms, and let the host be called up to the castle with the trumpet. Then they drew the wood towards it, and piled a bale (5) round about the wall; the earl drew up his men for the onslaught where each of them should go. The earl goes against it from the south with the Orkneyingers; Erling and Aslak from the west; John and Gudorm from the east; Eindrid the young from the north, with his followers. And when they were boun for the storm they cast fire into the bale. Then the earl sang:<\/p>\n
\u201cErmingerd\u2019s white handmaid bore<\/p>\n
Wine to men, the goddess bright<\/p>\n
Of driven snow, so fair she seemed<\/p>\n
To my vision when we met;<\/p>\n
Now the warrior band resolves<\/p>\n
To rush onward and attack<\/p>\n
Castle-garrison with fire;<\/p>\n
Sharp-swords spring from out the sheaths.\u201d<\/p>\n
Now they begin to press on fast both with fire and weapons. Then they shot hard into the work, for they could not reach them by any other attack. The castlemen stood loosely here and there on the wall, for they had to guard themselves against the shots. They poured out too burning pitch and brimstone, and the earl\u2019s men took little harm by that. Now it turned out, as Erling had guessed, that the castle wall crumbled before the fire when the lime would not stand it, and there were great breaches in it. Sigmund angle was the name of a man in the earl\u2019s body-guard; he was Sweyn Asleif\u2019s son\u2019s stepson; he pressed on faster than any man to the castle, and ever went on before the earl; he was then scarcely grown up. And when the storm had lasted awhile, then all men fled from the castle wall. The wind was on from the south, and the reek of the smoke lay towards Eindrid and his men. And when the fire began to spread very fast, then the earl made them bring water, and cool the rubble that was burned. And then there was a lull in the assault. (6) Then earl Rognvald sang a song:<\/p>\n
\u201cAye shall I that Yule remember,<\/p>\n
Warrior! which we spent at Agdir,<\/p>\n
East among the fells with Solmund,<\/p>\n
Steward strong of Norway\u2019s king;<\/p>\n
Now again at that same season<\/p>\n
Of another year as then<\/p>\n
Stunning din of swords I make<\/p>\n
On the castle\u2019s southern verge.\u201d<\/p>\n
And again he sang:<\/p>\n
\u201cWell pleased was I when the wine-tree (7)<\/p>\n
Listened to my winning words;<\/p>\n
Past all hope then was I given<\/p>\n
At harvest to the foreign maid;<\/p>\n
Now again I sate the eagles,<\/p>\n
Since full well we love the girl<\/p>\n
Nobly born; and now the freestone<\/p>\n
Set in mortar must give way.\u201d<\/p>\n
Then Sigmund angle sang this:<\/p>\n
\u201cBear these words back when the spring comes<\/p>\n
To the goddess needle-plying,<\/p>\n
Wearing gems from fell-side won,<\/p>\n
Bear them o\u2019er the sea to Orkney;<\/p>\n
That no warrior, though he were<\/p>\n
Wight of elder years, went farther<\/p>\n
Forward \u2018neath the castle walls,<\/p>\n
When strokes sung high at early morn.\u201d<\/p>\n
After that the earl made ready to storm, and Sigmund angle with him. There was then but a little struggle, and they got into the castle. There many men were slain, but those who would take life gave themselves up to the earl\u2019s power. There they took much goods, but they did not find the chief, and scarcely any precious things. Then there was forthwith much talk how Godfrey could have got away; and then at once they had the greatest doubt of Eindrid the young, that he must have passed him away somehow, and that he [Godfrey] must have gone away under the smoke to the wood.<\/p>\n
After that earl Rognvald and his host stayed there a short time in Galicialand, and held on west off Spain. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A maior parte das cr\u00f3nicas falan dos viquingos como unha forza destrutora sobre o Reino de Galicia. Pero, \u00bfe se alg\u00fans galegos tiveran empregado aos bravos homes do norte ao seu favor?<\/p>\n
Ler a historiaNa procura dos Lordomani (II): a alianza entre labregos e viquingos<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11961,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-destacado","category-republicas-de-homes-libres","excerpt","zoom","full-without-featured","even","excerpt-0"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11778"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11778\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.manuelgago.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/lordomani_2.jpg\")
<\/p>\n